Saint Bonaventure, Bishop & Doctor

At an early age, she decided that she wanted to devote her life to the poor and the education of children. When the persecution had ended, she took the veil. At a convent in Besançon in 1800, she had a vision of Negro children, which was to influence her later life. After failing to adjust to life in several convents, she and eight companions founded the Institute of Saint Joseph of Cluny at Cabillon in 1805.

They were clothed by the bishop of Autun in 1807. Seven years later (1812), they purchased a friary and moved the congregation to Cluny. The Sisters of Saint Joseph gained renown for their successful teaching methods. Fired with apostolic zeal, she sent her nuns to work in far distant regions. She heroically labored for several years (1828-1832) in French Guyana. In 1834, she was again sent their, this time by the French government to educate 600 Guyanan slaves who were to be emancipated. She finally left French Guyana in 1843 and spent her remaining years establishing new house in Tahiti, Madagascar, and elsewhere (Benedictines, Delaney).

"Look not to the light but rather to the raging fire that carries the soul to God with intense fervor and glowing love." -- Bonaventure.

"Thorns and cross and nails and lance,
Wounds, our rich inheritance . . .
May these all our spirits fill,
And with love's devotion thrill . . .
Christ, by coward hands betrayed,
Christ, for us a captive made,
Christ upon the bitter tree,
Slain for man--all praise to thee." --Saint Bonaventure

"In beautiful things Saint Francis saw Beauty itself, and through His vestiges imprinted on creation he followed his Beloved everywhere, making from all things a ladder by which he could climb up and embrace Him who is utterly desirable." --Bonaventure

"Since happiness is nothing but the enjoyment of the Supreme Good, and since the Supreme Good is above us, we cannot be happy unless we rise beyond ourselves. Since we cannot reach above ourselves in our own strength, we must be helped by supernatural strength, lifted up by a higher power that stoops to raise us. However much we structure our inner lives and make progress, it does us no good unless our efforts are accompanied by help from on high. Divine aid is available for those who seek it with a devout and humble heart; this is done by fervent prayer.

"Prayer is, therefore, the source and origin of every upward journey toward God. Let us each, then, turn to prayer and say to our Lord God: 'Lead me, O Lord, on your path, that I may walk in your truth.'"

"From contemplation of the Passion the soul will receive a new compassion, a new love, new consolations, and consequently, as it were, a new state of soul, which seems to be a presage and share of eternal glory." --Saint Bonaventure.

A contemporary of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Saint Albert the Great, he went to the University of Paris when he was 14. There he studied theology under the English Franciscan, Alexander of Hales (the "Unanswerable Doctor"); and it was perhaps the influence of this teacher that induced him to enter the order when he was 20.

By 1248, he was a bachelor of Scripture; two years later he became a bachelor of theology; and three years after that he became a master of theology and was appointed to the professorial chair of the Friars Minor. He taught theology and Scripture, and preached in Paris for many years (1248-1255), concentrating on the elucidation of some of the problems that especially exercised men's minds in his day.

His teaching was curtailed by the opposition of secular professors, who were jealous of the new mendicants' success and were perhaps made uncomfortable by their austere lives when compared unfavorably with their own. Apparently, their disdain for the Franciscans, led the university to delay granting him a doctorate in theology, yet this did not embitter Bonaventure. With Aquinas he defended the mendicant friars against their opponents.

When the secular leader William of Saint-Armour wrote The perils of the last times, Bonaventure responded by publishing Concerning the poverty of Christ, a treatise on holy poverty. Pope Alexander IV denounced Saint-Armour, had his book burned, and ordered a halt to the attack on the mendicants. Thus, vindicated, the mendicant orders were re-established at Paris and Bonaventure and Aquina received their doctorates in theology in 1257.

That same year, when he was only 36, Bonaventure was elected minister general of the Franciscans. In this position he was faced with a difficult task, for though Saint Francis had established an incomparable spiritual ideal for his order, his organization was weak and since his death a number of different groups had arisen.

At the general chapter of Narbonne in 1260, Bonaventure designed a set of constitutions as a rule, which had a lasting effect on the order, and for which he is called the second founder of the Franciscans. It has, however, been claimed that he also weakened the spirit of Saint Francis; the Life that he wrote of him, in order to promote unity among the brothers, was accurate but incomplete, and he modified the rule that forbade the brothers to accept money or own property.

The severe-interpretation Spirituals valued poverty above all else, including learning. Bonaventure strongly supported the importance of study to the order and the need for the order to provide books and buildings. He confirmed the practice of monks teaching and studying at universities, believing that the Franciscans could better fulfill the need for preaching and spiritual guidance to compensate for other poorly educated clergy.

In addition to theological and philosophical works, Saint Bonaventure has left us sundry ascetical treatises, some of which have been translated into English including the Journey of the soul to God. The hymn In the Lord's atoning grief is a translation from Bonaventure. Among his works are Commentary on the sentences of Peter Lombard (which covers the whole field of scholastic theology), the mystical works Breviloquium, Itinerarium mentis ad Deum, De reductione artium ad theologium, Perfection of life (written for Blessed Isabella, sister of Saint Louis IX, and her convent of Poor Clares), Soliloquy, The three-fold way, biblical commentaries, and sermons.

Bonaventure was nominated as archbishop of York in 1265, but refused the honor. In 1273, much against his will, Bonaventure was made cardinal and bishop of Albano by Pope Gregory X. His personal simplicity is illustrated by the story that when his cardinal's hat was brought to him at the friary in Mugello (near Florence), he told the legates to hang it on a nearby tree, as he was washing the dishes and his hands were wet and greasy.

The following year, Pope Gregory called him to draw up the agenda for the 14th general council at Lyons to discuss the reunion of Rome with the churches of the East. Saint Thomas Aquinas died en route to the council. Bonaventure was the leading figure in the success of the council that effected the brief reunion, and led his last general chapter of the order between the third and fourth sessions. Bonaventure died while the Council of Lyons was still in session and was buried in Lyons.

Saint Bonaventure's reputation is based on his personal goodness and his skill as a theologian. "In him it seemed as though Adam had not sinned," wrote Alexander of Hales, and when he died the official record of the Council of Lyons stated: "In the morning died Brother Bonaventure of famous memory, a man outstanding in sanctity, kind, affable, pious and merciful, full of virtues, beloved of God and man. . . . God gave him the grace that whoever saw him conceived a great and heartfelt love for him."

The saint was known for his accessibility to any and all who wished to consult him, and once explained his urgency in making himself available to a simple lay brother by saying, "I am at the same time both prelate and master, and that poor brother is both my brother and my master."

Though Bonaventure and Aquinas were friends in their lifetime, the two men had strongly opposed each other on the question of the neo- Aristotelianism that was being introduced into theology, for Saint Bonaventure feared that as a result philosophy would be elevated above theology and that reason would be made more important than revelation.

Saint Bonaventure was a man of the highest intellectual attainments, but he would emphasize that a fool's love and knowledge of God may be greater than that of a humanly wise man. To reach God, he said, "little attention must be given to reason and great attention to grace, little to books and everything to the gift of God, which is the Holy Spirit." Above all he emphasized charity: "For in truth, a poor and unlearned old woman can love God better than a Doctor of Theology."

Bonaventure believed that the created world gave us a sign of God. But faith was needed, honed by reason, to lead to contemplation of the divine. When his friend Aquinas asked where Bonaventure gained his own great knowledge, Bonaventure pointed to a crucifix. "I study only the crucified one, Jesus Christ," he replied.

Philosophy in itself was only an instrument, and unless it was modified in the light of revelation would lead into error, or into an arid preoccupation with intellectual arguments for their own sake. In his opposition to Aristotelian philosophy, Saint Bonaventure no doubt went too far, and the synthesis achieved by Saint Thomas has had none of the disastrous effects that he feared. Yet in taking his stand on the primacy of theology, he was aligning himself with the greatest of all Christian thinkers, Saint Augustine, and in stressing the supremacy of grace, he was following in the footsteps of the founder of his order, Saint Francis (Attwater, Benedictines, Bentley, Costelloe, Encyclopedia, Gilson, White).

Other documents on Saint Bonaventure:

Sixtus IV's Superna caelestis (1482) (On the Canonization of St. Bonaventure)

Notorious for his cruelty and barbarity, Vladimir was now ruler of Russia. He conquered Kherson in the Crimea in 988. That same year he proposed a military alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II. After a good deal of hesitation, Vladimir was baptized in 989 in order to marry Anne, the Christian sister of the emperor. His conversion marked the beginning of Christianity in Russia.

Vladimir took his new religion very seriously and indeed sought to impose it by force on his people, not all of whom were willing to accept it. He reformed his own life (putting aside his five former wives), built schools and churches, destroyed idols, brought Greek and German missionaries to his realms, exchanged ambassadors with Rome, abolished or grated restricted capital punishment, gave lavish alms to the poor, and aided Saint Boniface in his mission to the Pechangs. In his later years he was troubled by rebellions led by the sons of his earlier marriages, but two of his sons by Anne, Romanus (Boris) and David (Gleb), became saints.

Vladimir died while leading an expedition against his rebellious son Yaroslav in Novgorod. Vladimir reportedly gave all his possessions to his friends and to the poor on his deathbed. His utter conversion resulted in a picture of him that caused later generations to look on Saint Vladimir as the first-born of the new Christian people of Russia and her borderland. He was esteemed as a saint and the subject of a cycle of folklore and heroic poems. A descendant of his, Vladimir Monomakh, married Gytha, the daughter of King Harold of England. Vladimir is the patron saint of Russian Catholics (Attwater, Benedictines, Delaney, Encyclopedia).

There are two images of Saint Vladimir on the Internet. Both are anonymous Russian icons:

[Saint Isaac of Syria Skete, Boscobel, WI]
with Saints Boris and Gleb